James Henry Breasted - Ancient times, Ksiazki,Ksiegi,Ksiazeczki
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//-->AANCIENT TIMES•HISTORY•OF•THE•EARLY•WORLDAn Introduction to the Study o f Ancient Historyand theCareerof Early Man byJAMES HENRY BREASTEDLate Director oftheOriental Institutein The University of ChicagoREVISED AND LARGELY REWRITTENSECOND EDITIONGINN AND COMPANYBOSTONDALLASNEW YORKPALO ALTOCHICAGOTORONTOATLANTALONDONPLATE I .Portrait BustOfQUEEN NOFRETETE,WifeofIkhnatonFound in the studio of a royal sculptor at Amarna, with original colorspreserved as shown . (After Borchardt)oCOPYRIGHT, 1916, 1935, BY JAMES HENRY BREASTEDALL RIGHTS RESERVED361 .6zCOPYRIGHT, 1944, BY CHARLES BREASTEDPREFACEIt is now eighteen years since the publication of the firstedition of this book, and nearly twenty years since it waswritten . The progress made in the study of the AncientWorld during these last twenty years, in spite of the obstaclesresulting from the World War since 1918, has probably neverbeen equaled in the history of humanistic research. At TheUniversity of Chicago the organization of the Oriental In-stitute, in the summer of 1919, has contributed substantiallyto this progress .One of the most important developments has been therecovery of the evidence disclosing the life of man in theearliest Stone Age in Northeastern Africa by the OrientalInstitute's Prehistoric Survey. Similar work in WesternAsia, although not covering an extensive territory, has madeit possible to sketch Stone Age development in the NearEast as a whole, and thus to gain at least an outline of theprehistoric human development entirely around the Mediter-ranean . It is therefore no longer necessary to begin theStone Age career of man with a resume of it exclusively inFrance and Europe, as was done in the first edition of AncientTimes, and then, passing to the Near East for the origins ofcivilization, to return to Europe again, thus involving a con-fusing alternation of first Europe, then the Near East, andthen Europe again . In the present edition of Ancient Timesit has been possible to begin the human career with the EarlyStone Age entirely surrounding the Mediterranean, includingthe Near East, and then to continue it in chronological se-quence down through the origins of civilization and the sub-sequent developments of civilized life in the Near East alone,to the point when these influences passed over into Europe .The range and importance of field research and discoverysince 1918 have produced a series of discoveries of epoch-111ivANCIENT TIMESmaking importance . The Anglo-American Expedition at Urhas revealed a totally new and fundamentally important chap-ter in the development of earlier civilization in Western Asia .At Ras Shamra, in Ancient Phoenicia, the discoveries of theFrench expedition under Schaeffer have been of far-reachingimportance . The expeditions of the Oriental Institute havelikewise disclosed a whole series of new vistas in Assyria, inBabylonia, in Palestine, and also in Persia, where the excava-tion of the magnificent sculptured stairways at Persepolishas been perhaps the most notable of such disclosures .While the puzzling Etruscan writing has not yet beendeciphered, it is now evident that the Etruscans were aWestern Asiatic people who migrated from Anatolia into theItalian peninsula . The resumption of excavation at Troyby Professor Semple of the University of Cincinnati has notyet progressed far enough to reveal all the important re-sults which we may confidently expect from that famous site .In the investigation of the great problem of the Hittites,substantial progress has been made in the last twenty years .The decipherment of Hittite cuneiform was successfullyaccomplished by Bedfich Hrozny of Prague during theWorld War . A good deal of progress has also been made inthe decipherment of Hittite hieroglyphic, and it is safe tosay that we shall be able to read it in the not distant future .The investigation of these philological problems in the studyof the Hittites has been accompanied by extended field re-searches in the Hittite country of Asia Minor. The excava-tions of the Oriental Institute at the mound of Alishar, aboutone hundred and twenty miles east-southeast of Ankara,have for the first time revealed the material evidences of ad-vancing civilization in Anatolia, both before and after theadvent of the Hittites, beginning with the Late Stone Age atthe bottom of the mound (at a depth of about one hundredfeet) and working upward, disclosing stage after stage of hu-man advance, from stone implements, through the discoveryof copper, the production of bronze, and the introduction ofiron, to a church of the Fifth Century of the Christian Era .In Egypt the operations of the Harvard-Boston Expedi-
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